本文主要介绍Java 8的 Optional 的简单使用

Address

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@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
@NoArgsConstructor
public class Address {
    private String province;
    private String city;
}

of + ofNullable

相关代码托管在java8_demo

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@Test(expected = NoSuchElementException.class)
public void emptyTest() {
   // 声明一个空的Optional对象
   Optional<Address> nameOptional = Optional.empty();
   // java.util.NoSuchElementException: No value present
   nameOptional.get();
}

@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
public void ofNullTest() {
   // 依据实例创建Optional对象
   Optional.of(new Address("Guangdong", "Zhongshan"));

   // Optional.ofNullable(null)返回Optional.empty()
   assertEquals(Optional.empty(), Optional.ofNullable(null));
   // java.lang.NullPointerException
   Optional.of(null);
}

map

  1. Stream.map的定义：<R> Stream<R> map(Function<? super T, ? extends R> mapper)
  2. Optional.map的定义：<U> Optional<U> map(Function<? super T, ? extends U> mapper)
  3. 上面两者定义非常类似，Optional可看成最多包含一个元素的 Stream
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@Test
public void mapTest() {
   String province = "Guangdong";
   String city = "Zhongshan";
   Optional<Address> addressOptional = Optional.of(new Address(province, city));
   // mapper : Address -> String
   // Optional<Address> -> Optional<String>
   Optional<String> stringOptional = addressOptional.map(Address::getCity);
   assertTrue(stringOptional.isPresent());
   assertEquals(city, stringOptional.get());
}

flatMap

  1. Stream.flatMap的定义：<R> Stream<R> flatMap(Function<? super T, ? extends Stream<? extends R>> mapper)
  2. Optional.flatMap的定义：<U> Optional<U> flatMap(Function<? super T, Optional<U>> mapper)
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@Test
public void flatmapTest() {
   String province = "Guangdong";
   String city = "Zhongshan";
   Optional<Address> addressOptional = Optional.of(new Address(province, city));
   // 对于 mapper 为 T -> Optional<U>时，调用Optional.map，生成的是Optional<Optional<U>>
   Optional<Optional<String>> optionalOptional = addressOptional.map(address -> Optional.ofNullable(address.getCity()));
   // 对于 mapper 为 T -> Optional<U>时，调用Optional.map，生成的是Optional<U>,被扁平化
   Optional<String> stringOptional = addressOptional.flatMap(address -> Optional.ofNullable(address.getCity()));
   assertTrue(stringOptional.isPresent());
   assertEquals(city, stringOptional.get());
}

解引用

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@Test(expected = UnsupportedOperationException.class)
public void dereferenceTest() {
   // get：最简单 + 最不安全
   Address address = addressOptional.get();
   assertNotNull(address);

   address = null;
   Optional<Address> emptyAddressOptional = Optional.ofNullable(address);

   String defaultValue = "Unknown";
   // orElse：设置默认值
   Address elseAddress = emptyAddressOptional.orElse(new Address(defaultValue, defaultValue));
   assertEquals(defaultValue, elseAddress.getProvince());
   assertEquals(defaultValue, elseAddress.getCity());

   // orElseGet：orElse的延迟调用版本
   Address elseGetAddress = emptyAddressOptional.orElseGet(Address::new);
   assertNull(elseGetAddress.getProvince());
   assertNull(elseGetAddress.getCity());

   // ifPresent：存在值则运行consumer，否则不进行任何操作
   emptyAddressOptional.ifPresent(System.out::println);

   // orElseThrow：不存在时，抛出异常
   emptyAddressOptional.orElseThrow(UnsupportedOperationException::new);
}

filter

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@Test
public void filterTest() {
   assertTrue(addressOptional.filter(address -> address.getCity().contains("Z")).isPresent());
}

基础类型 + Optional

  1. OptionalInt、OptionalLong、OptionalDouble
  2. 最多只有一个元素，并没有像StreamInt那样相对于 Stream<Integer> 有性能优势
  3. 不支持 map 、 flatmap 、 filter